CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS PART I

Psychodynamic: Freud emphasized the client’s self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior. This approach enables the client to examine unresolved conflicts and symptoms that arise from past dysfunctional relationships and manifest themselves in various dysfunctional ways.

CBT: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the use of cognitive restructuring to help individuals modify negative/incorrect perceptions and replace with positive, more rational beliefs. Attention on interactions between thinking, feeling and behavior. It has an emphasize on self-regulation and self-direction.

DBT: People sometimes experience extreme swings in their emotions, see the world in black-and-white shades, and seem to jump from one crisis to another. Few people understand such reactions. Family members are usually perplexed, although these individuals' childhood experiences emphasized invalidation. These individuals don’t have any methods for coping with sudden, intense surges of emotion, caused by the extreme mood swings. DBT is a method for teaching skills (mindfulness, radical acceptance) that help emotional regulation.

Racial, Cultural, and Other Identities: Summary of Stages of Racial Identity Development

Hoffman). In general, this 4 step process occurs as people accept their identity. People of Color first experience dissonance, then immersion, emersion, and internalization before finding an integrative awareness. The confusion in the first stage begins as they see racism affecting them. Anger about racism and sexism sets in during immersion. Avoidance of White people is the emersion stage where their anger about racism leads them to feel that they can only belong with others in their own racial group. They begin to realize not all White people are the enemy as they realize all people have some good and bad qualities. This is the internalization stage. In the final stage, People of Color conclude that there is much more to them than their race or gender that contributes to their personhood. This is integrative awareness. (source:

https://www.racialequitytools.org/resourcefiles/Compilation_of_Racial_Identity_Models_7_15_11.pdf)